by

英[baɪ]美[baɪ]

prep.被，由…创作，靠，凭，通过，出于（偶然或意外），就…而言，根据，经过，在；

adv.经过，短暂拜访；

英语六级真题

Writing in the journal, the scientists describe how the storks from Germany were clearly affected by the presence of waste sites, with four out of six birds that survived for at least five months overwintering on rubbish dumps in northern Morocco, instead of migrating to the Sahel.

While these numbers are still being validated by the state, we feel any adjustments they might suggest will be immaterial, Morgan wrote to the presidents.

Well-off families are ruled by calendars, with children enrolled in ballet, soccer and after-school programs, according to a new Pew Research Center survey.

To promote sales of its products by lowering prices.

There is strong evidence that both innovation and adoption of cleaner technology are strongly encouraged by higher fossil fuel prices.

The video challenge does not put individual students on the hot seat—so it's less intimidating by design.

The summer program run by a nonprofit organization has helped many underserved students learn advanced math.

The consumer was ultimately to be mentioned as well, especially by the likes of Dorothy Shaver, who could point to the sales figures at Lord & Taylor.

The Math Olympiad Summer Training Program is a three-week math camp held by the Mathematical Association of America that leads straight to the international championship and is free for those who make it.

The International Monetary Fund calculates that countries can generate substantial fiscal revenues by eliminating fossil fuel subsidies and levying carbon charges that capture the domestic damage caused by emissions.

The German traveler Johann Winckelmann pioneered the field of art history with his comprehensive study of Greek and Roman sculpture; he was portrayed by his friend Anton Raphael Mengs at the beginning of his long residence in Rome.

That letter, which includes several concerns Morgan has with the plan, was originally obtained by The Commercial Appeal in Memphis.

Tennessee's technical and community colleges will not outsource ( ' , 外包) management of their facilities to a private company, a decision one leader said was bolstered by an analysis of spending at each campus.

Since there were few museums anywhere in Europe before the close of the eighteenth century, Grand Tourists often saw paintings and sculptures by gaining admission to private collections, and many were eager to acquire examples of Greco-Roman and Italian art for their own collections.

Setting the right carbon price will therefore efficiently align the costs paid by carbon users with the true social opportunity cost of using carbon.

Renewables account for only a small share of global primary energy consumption, which is still dominated by fossil fuels—30% each for coal and oil, 25% for natural gas.

Physical punishment is used much less by well-educated parents.

People used to live near people of different income levels; neighborhoods are now more segregated by income.

Oil prices have dropped by over 60% since June 2014.

Most Grand Tourists, however, stayed for briefer periods and set out with less scholarly intentions, accompanied by a teacher or guardian, and expected to return home with souvenirs of their travels as well as an understanding of art and architecture formed by exposure to great masterpieces.

Moreover, nonparticipation by nations, if sufficiently widespread, can undermine the political will of participating countries to act.

Math circles provide students with access to advanced-math training by university professors.

Many scientists believe that El Ni o events, caused by warming in the Pacific, are becoming more intense as a result of climate change.

It is backed by a campus spending analysis.

It has been flatly rejected by the governor.

In an email sent Monday to college presidents in the Tennessee Board of Regents system, outgoing Chancellor John Morgan said an internal analysis showed that each campus' spending on facilities management fell well below the industry standards identified by the state.

In addition, other factors are putting downward pressure on oil prices: change in the strategic behavior of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the projected increase in Iranian exports, the scaling-down of global demand ( ' , especially from emerging markets), the long-term drop in petroleum consumption in the United States, and some displacement of oil by substitutes.

If not corrected by the appropriate carbon price, low fossil fuel prices are not accurately signaling to markets the true social profitability of clean energy.

I'd much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions, she says.

Futures markets, which show only a modest recovery of prices to around $60 a barrel by 2019, support this view.

For example, the United Arab Emirates has endorsed an ambitious target to draw 24% of its primary energy consumption from renewable sources by 2021.

Facilities management by colleges is more cost-effective.

Discipline techniques vary by education level: 8% of those with a postgraduate degree say they often beat their children, compared with 22% of those with a high school degree or less.

Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmospheric greenhouse gases without regard to the collateral ( ' , 附带的) costs.

Designer sportswear would have to be verified by a standard other than that of pure beauty; the emulation of a designer's life in designer sportswear was a crude version of this relationship.

By raising relative demand for clean energy sources, a carbon price would also help align the market return to clean-energy innovation with its social return, spurring the refinement of existing technologies and the development of new ones.

By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.

But will such contests, which are overwhelmingly dominated by Asian and white students from middle-class and affluent families become any more diverse? Many social and cultural factors play roles in determining which promising students get on the path toward international math recognition.

Can you tell us how you first became interested in this subject matter?( ' , 9 ) Wh e n f a c i n g a n e w situation, some people tend to rehearse their defeat by spending too much time anticipating the worst.

While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food.

We have everything to gain by encouraging them to explore the world beyond their immediate experience and to prepare themselves for their turn at shaping that world.

They can be addressed by improved sanitation.

The survey shows us that today's teens are affectionate, sensible and far happier than the angry and tortured souls that have been painted for us by stereotypes.

The lawsuits said that the label was misleading because it gave the impression that the products had been certified by a third party when the certification was the company's own.

The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the Senate Finance Committee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise in medical costs over the long term.

The gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars found that even in high-poverty schools, teachers consistently had a huge positive or negative impact.

The changes would have to be approved or rejected as a whole by Congress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will.

That is far less likely to happen if Congress also adopts strong pay-go rules requiring that any increase in payments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts.

Spending fell by 10% in the first half of the year.

Recently, we examined more than 400 essays on the laws of life that teens from two communities had written as part of an educational program initiated by the John Templeton Foundation in Radnor, Pa.

Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and the volume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lot more tests and treatments than a patient really needs.

Manufacturers of products that claim to be environmentally friendly will face tighter rules on how they are advertised to consumers under changes proposed by the Federal Trade Commission.

Malpractice awards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-risk specialties, and there is some evidence that doctors engage in defensive medicine by performing tests and treatments primarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.

It misled consumers to believe that its products had been certified by a third party.

It is manufactured by a famous British company.

In time it should help restrain costs by eliminating redundant tests, preventing drug interactions, and helping doctors find the best treatments.

In the developing countries, it says, most of the environmental problems are caused by underdevelopment.

Hunt through the reports prepared by UN agencies and development groups—many for conferences such as this year's Millennium Goals review—and you will find that the linkage between environmental protection and economic progress is a common thread.

His company's products had been well received by the public.

Frederick's central idea, that stove, sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relation that useless steps are avoided entirely, inspired the first fully fitted kitchen, designed in the 1920s by Margarete Schütter-Libotsky.

Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria.

By and large, these are very nice kids, and as the band The Who used to sing, The kids are alright.

But there are also many examples of growing wealth by trashing the environment, in rich and poor parts of the world alike, whether through unregulated mineral extraction, drastic water use for agriculture, slash-and-burn farming, or fossil-fuel-guzzling ( ' , 大量消耗) transport.

Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals, nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savings routinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work.

And the head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentive to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or demanding better deals from providers.

A new effort led by Canoe Ventures, a coalition of leading cable providers, aims to make interactive advertising available across America later this year.

The US has already lost more than a third of the native languages that existed before European colonisation, and the remaining 192 are classed by UNESCO as ranging between unsafe and extinct.

In fact, they are prescribed and they’regiven at a certain level, a dosage that is understood by a practitioner who’s been trained.

A study by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters finds that, between 1980 and 2007, nearly 8,400 natural disasters killed more than twomillion people.

find digital devices simply indispensablecommunicate primarily by mobile phonelight their homes with stored solar energydistribute power with wires and wooden polesbenefit their business transmit power faster promote innovationencourage competitionIt might become a thing of the past.

With competition from many countries, Antarctica is no longer dominated by the traditional white nations.

Too many workplace policies effectively prohibit employees from developing a healthy work-life balance by barring them from taking time off, even when they need it most.

There's a lot for students to complain about: the repayment threshold for paying back loans will be frozen for five years, meaning that lower-paid graduates have to start repaying their loans; and maintenance grants have been replaced by loans, meaning that students from poorer backgrounds face higher debt than those with wealthier parents.

The research stations on King George lsland offer a glimpse into the long game on this ice-blanketed continent as nations assert themselves, eroding the sway long held by countries like the United States, Britain, Australia and New Zealand.

The old days of the Antarctic being dominated by the interests and wishes of white men from European, Australasian and North American states are over, said Klaus Dodds, a politics scholar at the University of London who specialises in Antarctica.

The goal of keeping global temperature rise well below 2 ℃ is commendable but the emissions-reduction pledges submitted by countries leading up to the Paris talks are very unlikely to deliver on this.

South Korea opened its second Antarctic research base in 2014, describing it as a way to test robots developed by Korean researchers for use in extreme conditions.

Since tobacco is one of the biggest causes of premature death in the UK, a measure that tames the habit even by a fraction is worth trying.

Less than an hour away by snowmobile, Chinese labourers have updated the Great Wall Station, a vital part of China's plan to operate five bases on Antarctica, complete with an indoor badminton court and sleeping quarters for 150 people.

It is still easy to be dazzled by the display of drones ( ' , 无人机 ), 3D printers, virtual reality goggles ( ' , 眼镜 ) and more smart devices than you could ever hope to catalog.

It did not escape notice that a lobbying firm set up by Lynton Crosby, David Cameron's election campaign director, had previously acted for Philip Morris International.

Instead, some in Africa and Asia are seeing their first lightbulbs illuminated by the power of sunlight stored in batteries.

Health problems caused by stress in the workplace result in huge public health expenses.

Consumers are becoming increasingly bored with what companies have to offer: A survey of 28,000 consumers in 28 countries released by Accenture found consumers are not as excited about technology as they once were.

By the end of the decade, it's expected to be worth over $50 billion and generate 160 gigawatt-hours, enough to attract the attention of major companies that might not otherwise be interested in a decidedly pedestrian technology.

Brazil opened a research station in 1984, but it was largely destroyed by a fire that killed two members of the navy in 2012, the same year that a diesel-laden Brazilian barge sank near the base.

Because their behaviors are not usually seen as a red flag, these young people have been dubbed the invisible risk group by the study's authors.

We hope you enjoy the series about how you can make a difference by becoming a social worker.

The legend says that when seven girls were attacked by bears, they took refuge on top of a small rock, and they appealed to the Rock God for help.

The God caused the rock to grow and to lift the girls far above the ground, while its sides were scored by the claws of the angry bears.

Small wonder that an Indian legend described Devils Tower as being formed by supernatural powers.

Of the 46 beverages endorsed by professional athletes, 93 percent relied exclusively on sugar for all of their calories.

In ponds closest to the colony, the result showed there were far more pollutants than the ponds less affected by the birds.

In a report published by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale university, researchers studied 100 professional athletes and their endorsement contracts.

Currently, there’s mounting criticism of Michelle Obama’s Let’s Move campaign, which fights childhood obesity by encouraging youngsters to become more physically active, and it signed on singer Beyonce and basketball player Shaquille O’Neal, both of whom also endorse sodas which are a major contributor to the obesity epidemic.

But by 2014, the death rate from Alzheimer’s Disease for this age group have more than doubled, increasing from 3.8% to 8.5%, making the progressive brain disease the second leading cause of death for centenarians.

Born in fire and fury, Devils Tower was then shaped by the slow, gentle work of wind and water.

After sorting the deals by category, they determined that among the 512 brands associated with the athletes, most involve sporting goods, followed closely by food and beverage brands.

When we can't actually remove the source of our fear, we tend to adapt psychologically by adopting a range of defence mechanisms, says Tom Crompton, change strategist for the environmental organisation World Wide Fund for Nature.

This was made clear by the work of two sociologists, Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa.

柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典释义

PREP

由；被

If something is done by a person or thing, that person or thing does it.

例句

PREP

（图书、音乐、绘画等）由…（创作），出自

If you say that something such as a book, a piece of music, or a painting is by a particular person, you mean that this person wrote it or created it.

例句

PREP

靠；用；凭

If you do something by a particular means, you do it using that thing.

例句

PREP

通过，凭借（做某事）

If you achieve one thing by doing another thing, your action enables you to achieve the first thing.

例句

PREP

（用于短语中）由于，出于（偶然或意外）

You use by in phrases such as 'by chance' or 'by accident' to indicate whether or not an event was planned.

例句

PREP

就（本性、职业或出身）而言

If someone is a particular type of person by nature, by profession, or by birth, they are that type of person because of their nature, their profession, or the family they were born into.

例句

PREP

根据，按照（法律或某种标准）

If something must be done by law, it happens according to the law. If something is the case by particular standards, it is the case according to the standards.

例句

PREP

说（某词语或某一番话）

If you say what someone means by a particular word or expression, you are saying what they intend the word or expression to refer to.

例句

PREP

（用于表示抓住身体某部位或握住物体某部分）

If you hold someone or something by a particular part of them, you hold that part.

例句

PREP

在…旁边；接近

Someone or something that is by something else is beside it and close to it.

例句

PREP

经过；经由

If a person or vehicle goes by you, they move past you without stopping.

例句

PREP

在（某处停留）

If you stop by a place, you visit it for a short time.

例句

PREP

在…时候；到…之前；不迟于

If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time.

例句

PREP

在（白天或夜晚）

If you do something by day, you do it during the day. If you do it by night, you do it during the night.

例句

PREP

（乘或除）以

In arithmetic, you use by before the second number in a multiplication or division sum.

例句

PREP

乘（表示长乘宽得出的居室等的面积）

You use by to talk about measurements of area. For example, if a room is twenty feet by fourteen feet, it measures twenty feet in one direction and fourteen feet in the other direction.

例句

PREP

（表示增减的幅度）

If something increases or decreases by a particular amount, that amount is gained or lost.

例句

PREP

以…计；按…计

Things that are made or sold by the million or by the dozen are made or sold in those quantities.

例句

PREP

（表示事物的逐渐变化）

You use by in expressions such as 'minute by minute' and 'drop by drop' to talk about things that happen gradually, not all at once.

例句

PHRASE

独自；单独

If you are by yourself, you are alone.

例句

PHRASE

独立（完成某事）

If you do something by yourself, you succeed in doing it without anyone helping you.

例句

英汉词典释义

prep.

(表示位置)在…近旁; 在身边; 靠近

(表示时间)不迟于; 在…时候

(表示方向)从…中经过

(表示方式)搭乘, 通过; 抓住…; 靠, 采取; 就…而论; 以…称呼方式; 以…的名义; 凭着

(表示原因)随…而来, 由于（置于不带 the 的名词前，表示原因）

(表示方位)偏于

(表示环境)借着…光亮

(表示关涉)经过

(表示程度, 数量)以…之差

（常置于表被动的动词后，表示使为者）

在…期间；处于某种状况

从…看；依；按照

（与 the 连用，表示时间或量度单位）

（表示速率）

（补充有关出生地、职业等的信息）

（起誓时用）以…的名义

（表示触及或抓住的人或物的部份）

（用于乘除运算）

（表示尺寸时用）

adv.

在近旁

经过, 走过

保留（表示保留或保存时用）

短暂拜访

英英词典释义

Adverb

1. so as to pass a given point;

2. in reserve; not for immediate use;

行业词典

土木工程： 副产品回收；by-product recovery；

物理学： 旁路；by-pass；

电力： 旁路挡板；by-pass damper；旁路开关；by-pass switch；旁路臂；by-pass arm；旁路母线；by-pass bus；旁路阀；by-pass valve；旁路调节；by-pass governing；